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Chronology

  1. 600 BCE – 300 BCE (c.)

    The Daodejing circulates

    The Daodejing teaches wu wei — acting with rather than against the grain of things — and distrust of rigid control.

  2. 551 BCE – 479 BCE

    Confucius teaches in Lu

    Kongzi taught that social order grows from cultivated relationships, ritual propriety and moral example rather than coercion.

  3. 400 BCE – 300 BCE (c.)

    Zhuangzi's butterfly dream

    Zhuangzi's parable — did he dream he was a butterfly, or is a butterfly dreaming it is him? — made perspective and the limits of certainty playful and profound.