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Chronology

  1. 440 BCE (c.)

    Herodotus writes the first history

    Herodotus' Histories investigated the Greco-Persian wars through travel, interviews and comparison of customs — explicitly including Persian, Egyptian and Scythian perspectives.

  2. 431 BCE – 400 BCE (c.)

    Thucydides writes power's anatomy

    Thucydides treated the war not as divine drama but as human causation: fear, honor and interest, examined with political-science rigor.

  3. 1620

    Bacon programs the scientific project

    Francis Bacon's Novum Organum proposed knowledge as a collective, cumulative enterprise: observation, experiment, tables of instances, organized institutions.